The literature has already been a basic component in teaching foreign / second languages curriculum in comparing with other materials, therefore, this forces instructors to use literature for two purposes: first, teaching literature for literature and second, use of literature as a linguistic resource in order to improving language skill of learners, and this is important issue in applied linguistics. so, it is essential for many scholars to do theoretical and experimental studies for investigating the benefits of integrating literature in language courses and examining its influence in improving language skills. but, with a glimpse to the relevant researches in this issue, we find a big shortage in the theoretical researches in Arabic language an especially in experimental researches due to exploiting those in teaching of Arabic literature and improving linguistic proficiency of foreign Arabic learners. so, this paper aims to compare linguistics views and analysis them. The article focuses on their views about using literature in teaching language as a resource on base what is mentioned in foreign references and relented with this topic. Likewise, it examines difficulties and problems that expose that expose teachers and learners in reading literature and in the end, it presents solutions and suggestions for decrease them. The most important finding of this study is the modern Arabic literature is a suitable material for incorporating in teaching language due to its authenticity and its power to improve learner’s linguistic, cultural competence and can develop their power and critical and emotional thinking.

Foreign bodies in lower urinary tract may present in a different number of ways. We report four cases of such unusual presentation. Physical examination and plain radiograph was sufficient enough to confirm our diagnosis in all cases. The cases belonged to different age groups and three out of four cases were managed by open surgical approach. One foreign body was removed using cystoscope. Prompt surgical management prevented urinary tract infections and long term complications in these patients.

The present study was conducted by examining the views of relevant experts and their exposure to child labor in Shiraz. Data were obtained through in-depth interviews and analyzed based on grounded theory. Ten axial categories and one core category were extracted from the coding process. The core category was developed under the title of "institutional passivity and sectoralism". The results of the research showed that the causal conditions such as incompatibility and institutional and managerial confusion, diversity of perspectives to the phenomenon of child labor and non-governmental organizations and indifference towards child labor has caused the emergence of this phenomenon. Intervening conditions include: negative representation and conflicting media activities, Inhibition of some domestic and international rules and laws and child labor of nationals and the problem of identification and identity. This central phenomenon is located in special conditions and contexts due to family pressure and starting the work process in childhood, child labor as an income generating industry, child labor as a source of financial support for the family and the unique opportunity for working children, and Shiraz's oppurtunities for immigrants. The type of encounter with working children in Shiraz has caused numerous consequences that can be seen Unreasonable increase of child labor of nationals, Failure to contain and control the problem of working children, lack of proper organization and social support of working children, Anonymity of working children and persuasion and encouragement of nationals to immigrate to Shiraz.

Studying Iran's foreign policy is one of the most interesting topics among the people and the academic community. This behavior is not specific to Iranians and can, also, be seen among other foreign researchers concerning Iran's foreign policy. Luciano Zaccara is one of the authors who has surpassed her counterparts in addressing this issue and has edited a book on the “Foreign Policy of Iran under President Hassan Rouhani’s First Term”. The lack of translation of the book into Persian encouraged the author to introduce the work and critique it in terms of content and form. What makes the book prominent is the participation of some well-known authors in writing the chapters, addressing some areas that have received less attention in Iranian research, such as relations with Africa and the pathology of Hassan Rouhani's foreign policy. Lack of theoretical framework for the discussions, incoherence between the contents of the chapters, and ignoring the scientific neutrality by some authors of the book are among the weaknesses of the work.